时态

        一、时态和语态

        (一)时态

        英语中一共有16种时态：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。但从92年以来的考题统计来看，时态考题中，考查将来完成时最多，时态考查的次序依次为：将来完成时—— 过去完成时 —— 现在完成进行时 —— 现在完成时。

        先看以下各题：

        1.We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.(1992.6)

        A.had already started

        B.will already have started

        C.have already started

        D.have already been started

        2.When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.(1992.6)

        A.will heatB.will be heatedC.is heatedD.has heated

        3.English in a new way at my college in the past few years.(1992.6)

        A.has been teaching B.was being taught C.has been taught D.had been taught

        4.Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.(1993.6)

        A.will finishB.has finishedC.finishD.would finish

        5.All the machines by the end of following week.(1993.6)

        A.were repairedB.will be repaired

        C.have been repairedD.will have been repaired

        6.He the army for ten years and is now an officer.(1995.6)

        A.has gone intoB.has joined inC.has been inD.has come into

        7.About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.(1997.6)

        A.inventedB.had inventedC.have inventedD.had been invented

        8.I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.(1998.6)

        A.was knockingB.am knockingC.knockingD.have been knocking

        9.When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she two days before.(2003.11)

        A.has leftB.was leavingC.would leaveD.had left

        10.Since he left the university, he __________ in an accounting company.

        A.has been workingB.had workedC.had been workingD.was working

        「答案」BCDBD CBDDA

        「评析」

        1.以上试题对时态的考查可以分为两部分内容，一部分是与条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态有关，如2)和4);另一部分是与完成时态有关，其余各题便是如此。

        2.一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成，用一般过去时表示过去将来。如2)和4)。

        2)When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.(1992.6)

        A.will heatB.will be heatedC.is heatedD.has heated答案：C

        4)Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.(1993.6)

        A.will finishB.has finishedC.finishD.would finish答案：B

        再如：

        If you happen to come across Jack, please tell him to comeand see me when he will be free.(2000.6 )

        答案：D.will be 应改为is.

        He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.

        No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.

        3.现在完成时有两种用法，一种表示过去发生，但对现在有影响的动作或状态，常和in the past years, this year, so far, up to now, yet等表示非确定性过去的时间状语连用，如3)。

        3)English in a new way at my college in the past few years.(1992.6)

        A.has been teachingB.was being taught

        C.has been taughtD.had been taught答案：C

        再如：

        I have been to Beijing many times.

        They have already published the results of the experiments.

        同时，注意上句中副词already的位置。

        现在完成时的另外一种用法是：表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，如6)：

        6)He the army for ten years and is now an officer.(1995.6)

        A.has gone intoB.has joined inC.has been inD.has come into

        答案：C

        同时，还要注意这道试题反映出来的另外一个问题：在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而表示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连用。

        4.过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去发生的动作或状态"，如7)

        7)About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.(1997.6)

        A.inventedB.had inventedC.have inventedD.had been invented答案：B

        5.将来完成时态表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作。如1)和5)。

        1)We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.(1992.6)

        A.had already started 成人英语三级考试网B.will already have started.

        C.have already startedD.have already been started答案：B

        5)All the machines by the end of following week.(1993.6)

        A.were repairedB.will be repaired

        C.have been repairedD.will have been repaired答案：D

        再如：

        It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.

        A.will have risenB.has risenC.will be risingD.has been rising答案：A

        6.与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍在进行，如8)和10)。

        8)I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.(1998.6)

        A.was knockingB.am knockingC.knocking D.have been knocking

        答案：D

        10)Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company.

        A.has been workingB.had workedC.had been workingD.was working

        答案：A

        再如：

        We have been working on this project for over a month now.

        「考试策略」

        1)根据时间状语选择时态，特别是完成时的时间状语一般表示"到……为止"，以"by"短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般用完成时态，如：

        By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.

        We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.

        2)如果没有时间状语，那就根据试题中出现的动作发生的顺序做出判断。如：

        He found the book that he had lost.

        AB

        3)注意特殊句型中的时态，如：

        ①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than…

        Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.我刚放下话筒，电话又响了。

        No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.他们一得到消息，他们就去酒吧喝酒了。

        ②祈使句表示一种条件，第二个分句中一般要用will表示在这种条件下可能发生的事情。如：

        Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy families.

        A.are often seeingB.often see

        C.will often seeD.have often seen答案：C

        但是，本题中often的使用可能会造成一定的迷惑。这就要求考生对各种时态的表达方式，以及其作用了解清楚。will可以表示习惯。